Semiconductor structure having an air-gap region and a method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

A method of manufacturing a semiconductor structure, the method includes removing a portion of a dielectric filler from a first metal-containing layer formed over a semiconductor substrate to define an air-gap region according to a predetermined air-gap pattern. The method further includes filling the air-gap region with a decomposable filler and forming a dielectric capping layer over the first metal-containing layer. The method further includes decomposing the decomposable filler.

PRIORITY CLAIM

The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/707,969, filed Feb. 18, 2010, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

One or more embodiments of the present invention relates generally tointegrated circuits, and more particularly to a semiconductor structurehaving an air-gap region and a method of manufacturing the same.

Semiconductor manufacturing process is typically separated into twomajor stages: a front-end process stage and a back-end-of-line (BEOL)process stage. The front-end process refers to the formation of electricdevices, such as transistors, and/or electric components, such asresistors and capacitors, on a semiconductor substrate. On the otherhand, the back-end-of-line process refers to the formation of metalinterconnections between various electric devices and electriccomponents in order to implement a circuitry as designed. Usually,layers of the metal interconnections are insulated by insulatingdielectric materials, such as silicon oxide or silicate glass.

As a rule, when the density of structures and electric components on anintegrated chip (IC) increases and sizes of the structures and electriccomponents decrease, parasitic capacitances between conductive elementsincrease. These increased parasitic capacitances further impacttransmission of electric signals in the IC by increasing powerconsumption and resistive-capacitive (RC) time constants. To ease theabove-mentioned effects, metals with lower resistance, such as copper,are used to form the metal interconnections. Low dielectric constant(low-k) materials, which have dielectric constants lower than that ofsilicon oxide or silicate glass, have been developed and utilized asfillers disposed between the conductive elements. In addition to usinglow-k materials, pores are often formed within the fillers to furtherdecrease the effective dielectric constant (k) value because air has adielectric constant very close to vacuum, i.e. slightly above 1.

A variation of this porous material concept is to form air gaps withindielectric fillers in order to further reduce the effective dielectricconstant value of the semiconductor structure. However, air gaps tend toraise concerns regarding electric or structural integrities of the IC,such as malfunction of the IC due to a later-formed via pluginadvertently landing on one of the air gaps, or delimitation orcracking of the IC due to pressures it suffers during a subsequentbonding or packaging process. The usage of air gaps may also cause otherconcerns such as thermal conductivity issues and etch-stop layerbuckling.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not bylimitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, whereinelements having the same reference numeral designations represent likeelements throughout and wherein:

FIGS. 1A through 1G are cross-sectional views of a semiconductorstructure depicting a method of manufacturing the semiconductorstructure having an air-gap region according to a related method;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor structure having anair-gap region according to an embodiment;

FIGS. 3A through 3F are cross-sectional views of a semiconductorstructure depicting a method of manufacturing the semiconductorstructure having an air-gap region according to an embodiment; and

FIGS. 4A through 4C are perspective views of photomask patternsdepicting a method of preparing a photomask containing an air-gappattern for forming an air-gap region in a semiconductor deviceaccording to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The making and using of illustrative embodiments are discussed in detailbelow. It should be appreciated, however, that the present disclosureprovides many applicable concepts that can be embodied in a wide varietyof specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed are merelyillustrative, and do not limit the scope of the disclosure. A skilledperson will appreciate alternative implementations.

As mentioned above, it is very important to reduce the parasiticcapacitances among the metal interconnections. In some instances, a onepercent decrease in the parasitic capacitances means a 0.6% increase inoperating speed for a logic IC manufactured using 22 nanometermanufacturing technology.

FIGS. 1A through 1G are cross-sectional views of a semiconductorstructure depicting a method of manufacturing the semiconductorstructure having an air-gap region according to a related method.

Referring to FIG. 1A, a partially fabricated integrated circuit includesa substrate 101 where various electric devices and components are formedthereon. In some embodiments, the devices and components are thosemanufactured during a front-end process stage or a BEOL process stage.On top of the substrate 101, a dielectric layer 103 is formed. Thedielectric layer 103 is a dielectric filler that includes silicon oxide.In other embodiments, the dielectric layer 103 includes other types ofmaterials such as silicon oxide, a low-k material, or an extreme low-kmaterial, where the low-k material is a material with a dielectricconstant lower than 3.0, and the extreme low-k material is a materialwith a dielectric constant lower than 2.5. For example, the low-kdielectric material can be carbon-containing dielectric materials, andmay further contain nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and combinationsthereof. In some embodiments, a porous structure is used in order tolower the effective dielectric constant of the dielectric layer 103. Thepreferred thickness of the dielectric layer 103 is between 1000 Å and3500 Å. One skilled in the art will realize, however, that thedimensions recited throughout the description are related to thetechnology used for forming the integrated circuits, and are subject tofurther adjustment with the down-scaling of the technology.

Further, a photoresist layer 105 is formed by depositing a photoresistmaterial on the dielectric layer 103. The photoresist layer 105 isexposed via a photomask to pattern trenches (or vias) 107 to be formedlater, and portions of the photoresist layer 105 and the dielectriclayer are etched away to form the trenches 107. Referring to FIG. 1B,during the formation of trenches 107, a portion of the dielectric layer103 is damaged by the etching/ashing process or plasma process andbecomes a damaged region 109. In one embodiment, the dielectric materialin the dielectric layer 103 includes Si—O—CH3 terminals, and the etchingand ashing processes convert it into O—H terminals. In one embodiment,the damaged region 109 includes a portion of a bottom and sidewalls ofthe trenches 107 with a thickness of about 10 Å to about 300 Å at thebottom and 10 Å to about 300 Å on the sidewalls.

Referring to FIG. 1C, a protective layer 111 is deposited over thedamaged region 109 and the trenches 107. The protective layer 111 isgenerally thinner than the damaged region 109. In one embodiment, thethickness of the protective layer 111 is about 50-150 nm. As shown inFIG. 1C, in some embodiments, depending on the deposition process used,the protective layer 111 is not formed uniformly.

Referring to FIG. 1 D, after the protective layer 111 is formed, metallines (or via plugs) 113 are deposited on top to completely fill thetrenches 107. Then as depicted in FIG. 1 E, the partially fabricated ICis planarized to reveal a portion of the damaged region 109. Because thedamaged region 109 is formed such that it has a different etchselectivity during an etch process in comparison with the etchselectivity of the protective layer 111 and the dielectric layer 103surrounding the damaged region 109, the damaged region 109 isselectively removed by the etch process, as depicted in FIG. 1F, to forman air-gap region 115. In one embodiment, dilute HF wet etchingtechnology is used. One skilled in the art may be able to alter theprocesses and materials used based on the disclosure, where the damagedregion 109 is more selective over the dielectric layer 103 for anothertype of etching process. Referring to FIG. 1G, after the air-gap region115 is formed, an etch-stop layer (ESL) 117 is deposited to seal theair-gap region 115 in the partially fabricated IC. Further, anotherdielectric layer 119 is formed above the ESL 117.

After interconnection structure is completely formed, during a packagingprocess, electric connections for connecting the interconnectionstructure with external circuitries are formed by bonding electric padson the IC with electric connectors on a package. While bonding, heat andpressure are often applied to the IC, and the application of heat andpressure during the packaging process increases stress and strain on theIC, especially areas directly below the electric pads and theirproximity. Moreover, the use of low-k materials in the interconnectionstructure can weaken the mechanical integrity of the IC to the stressand strain of packaging because low-k materials are, in general,mechanically weaker than non-low-k dielectric materials. This mechanicaldisadvantage may be exacerbated when a via plug is inadvertently placedin an air-gap region.

FIG. 2 is cross-sectional view of a semiconductor structure having anair-gap region according to an embodiment. The semiconductor structure200 includes a conductive pad 202, passivation layers 204 and 206, adiffusion barrier layer 208, a semiconductor substrate 210, and aplurality of metal-containing layers 212 and 214. In FIG. 2, only twoexemplary metal-containing layers 212 and 214 are shown. However, insome embodiments, more or fewer metal-containing layers may be used.Further, the intervening region A may contain one or moremetal-containing layers and/or other structures, but are omitted forsimplicity and better clarity of the present disclosure.

The semiconductor substrate 210 has electric devices and componentsformed thereon (not shown). The passivation layers 204 and 206 and thebarrier layer 208 are used to protect interconnections and electricdevices/components thereunder from direct exposure to factors, such ashumidity and/or certain chemical compounds, that are hazardous to theIC. A bonding bump (not shown) is formed on top of the conductive pad202 to electrically connect at least one electric component on thesemiconductor substrate 210 to a package encapsulating the semiconductorsubstrate 210.

The metal-containing layer 212 includes a set of metal structures 222forming conducting paths for the semiconductor structure 200. Themetal-containing layer 202 also includes a dielectric filler 224disposed to occupy a portion of the metal-containing layer 212. In someembodiments, the dielectric filler 224 includes a low-k material or anextreme low-k material. An air-gap region 226 is defined by at least theset of metal structures 222 and the dielectric filler 224. Without usingthe protective layer 111 depicted in FIG. 1G, the air-gap region 226abuts at least a portion of the set of metal structures 222. In at leastone embodiment, the air-gap region 226 is first occupied by adecomposable filler, for example, a thermally decomposable polymer (TDP)filler, which is subsequently removed by decomposition, for example, byheat that cause decomposition of the TDP filler. The followingdescription discloses using a TDP filler as the decomposable filler;however, other materials having decomposition modes other than heatingmay be suitable.

Further, a dielectric capping layer 228 is formed over themetal-containing layer 212 to cover the metal structures 222, thedielectric filler 224, and the air-gap region 226. Because dielectriccapping layer 228 is formed over the TDP filler in an intermediatestage, a bottom surface of the dielectric capping layer 228 over theair-gap regions 226 is substantially flat. In some embodiments, thedielectric capping layer 228 has a thickness between 5 nm and 50 nm inorder to allow the decomposed TDP filler to escape from thesemiconductor structure 200. A metal capping layer 229 is formed betweenthe set of metal structures 222 and the dielectric capping layer 228. Insome embodiments, it is not necessary to have the metal capping layer229; in other embodiments, the metal capping layer 229 is made of cobalttungsten phosphide (CoWP), other cobalt alloys, and materials such asRu, Rh, Pd, Hf, Ta, Ti, W, Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Nb, AlCu, P, and theircompounds including nitride and oxynitride group.

The metal-containing layer 214 is formed over the dielectric cappinglayer 228 and includes a set of metal structures 232 forming conductingpaths for the semiconductor structure 200. In addition, themetal-containing layer 214 includes two via plugs 231 electricallyconnected to a portion of the set of metal structures 222 of themetal-containing layer 212. In some embodiments, the number of via plugs231 can be more or fewer than two. Further, similar to the structure ofthe metal-containing layer 212, the metal-containing layer 214 alsoincludes a dielectric filler 234 disposed to occupy a portion of themetal-containing layer 214, an air-gap region 236 defined by at leastthe set of metal structures 232 and the dielectric filler 234,dielectric capping layer 238 formed over the over the metal-containinglayer 214, and a metal capping layer 239 formed between the set of metalstructures 232 and the dielectric capping layer 238. In addition, adielectric layer 240 is formed over the dielectric capping layer 238,and at least one via plug 241 is formed therein to be electricallyconnected to a portion of the set of metal structures 232.

Although the air-gap regions 226 and 236 are shown as if one is on topof the other, they are not necessary to be so in an actual structure,depending on the location of other components and metal structures.Further, in some embodiments, not all metal-containing layers 212 and214 include the air-gap regions 226 and 236.

The via plugs 231 and 241 are designed not to overlap the air-gapregions 226 and 236 of the metal-containing layers 212 and 214 that areimmediately below via plugs 231 and 241 to prevent applying additionalstress or strain on the air-gap regions 226 and 236. Consideringmismatch of layers during manufacturing processes, it is preferable thatthe via plug 231 and the air-gap region 226 are designed to be separatedby at least a minimum horizontal distance 252. In one embodiment, theminimum horizontal distance 252 is 25 nm. In some embodiments, theminimum horizontal distance 252 can be as low as 0 nm and up to 50 nm.Similarly, the via plug 241 and the air-gap region 236 are designed tobe separated by at least a minimum horizontal distance 254 between 0 nmand 50 nm, for example.

Also, it is preferable that the conductive pad 202 does not overlap theair-gap regions 226 and 236. Considering mismatch of layers duringmanufacturing processes, it is preferable that the conductive pad 202and the air-gap regions 226 and 236 are designed to be separated by atleast a minimum horizontal distance 256. In one embodiment, the minimumhorizontal distance 256 is 10 μm. In some embodiments, the minimumhorizontal distance 256 is between 10 nm and 20 μm.

FIGS. 3A through 3F are cross-sectional views of a semiconductorstructure depicting a method of manufacturing the semiconductorstructure having an air-gap region according to an embodiment. FIG. 3Adepicts a metal containing layer 310 formed over a semiconductorsubstrate 320. The metal containing layer 310 includes a set of metalstructures 312 and a dielectric filler 314. Referring to FIG. 3B, ametal capping layer 316 is selectively formed on the set of metalstructures 312 of the first metal-containing layer 310. In oneembodiment, the metal capping layer 316 is deposited on the set of metalstructures 312. Various deposition techniques can be used, includingelectroless plating, electroplating, PVD, and various types of CVDprocesses.

In FIG. 3C, a portion of a dielectric filler 314 is removed from themetal-containing layer 310 to define an air-gap region 318 according toa predetermined air-gap pattern. In one embodiment, the air-gap region318 is formed by etching the dielectric filler 314. Various knownetching methods can be used. In some embodiments, anisotropic processesare preferred. In FIG. 3D, the air-gap region 318 is filled with adecomposable filler such as a thermally decomposable polymer (TDP)filler 332. TDP refers to thermal-degradable polymer or thermallydecomposable polymer. In general, a TDP material decomposes into agaseous state when the temperature of the TDP exceeds the decompositiontemperature of the TDP. In some embodiments, the air-gap region 318 isfilled by performing a spin coating of a TDP material on thesemiconductor substrate 320, curing the TDP material, and planarizingthe TDP material to remove excessive TDP material.

In FIG. 3E, a dielectric capping layer 340 is formed over themetal-containing layer 310. In one embodiment, the dielectric cappinglayer 340 is formed by depositing an etching stop layer on a top surfaceof the metal-containing layer 310 that includes the metal structure, thedielectric filler, and the TDP filler. Then in FIG. 3F, the TDP filler332 is heated to cause decomposition of the TDP filler 332. As a result,the air-gap regions 318 previously filled with the TDP filler 332 are nolonger filled with the TDP material. Because the TDP filler 332 isremoved after depositing the dielectric capping layer 340, the air gapshape is that of the space occupied by the TDP filler 332. The topboundary of the air gap is the bottom surface of the dielectric cappinglayer, having a substantially flat profile. In some embodiments, the TDPfiller 332 is heated at a temperature between 300° C. to 450° C., orbetween 350° C. to 420° C., depending on what TDP material is used. Inother embodiments, the decomposition may be accomplished by localizedheating, such as laser scanning of the air gap regions, or generalizedheating, such as baking, plasma, pedestal heating, or radiative heatingby exposing the semiconductor structure to infrared or ultravioletradiation.

The temperature during the formation of the dielectric capping layer 340should be carefully controlled to prevent a premature decomposition ofthe TDP filler 332. Further, in order to allow decomposed TDP filler 332to escape from the semiconductor structure after the formation of thedielectric capping layer 340, dielectric capping layer 340 has athickness between 5 nm and 50 nm. In some embodiments, the dielectriccapping layer 340 has a thickness between 20 nm and 30 nm.

FIGS. 4A through 4C are perspective views of photomask patternsdepicting a method of preparing a photomask containing an air-gappattern for forming an air-gap region in a semiconductor deviceaccording to an embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 4A, a photomask 410 (FIG. 4C) containing an air-gappattern for forming an air-gap region is prepared for forming theair-gap region in a metal-containing layer formed on a semiconductordevice according to some embodiments. In order to ensure a bettermechanical integrity of the semiconductor device, a pad pattern 402corresponding to a set of conductive pads to be formed on thesemiconductor device, a metal structure pattern 404 corresponding to aset of metal structures to be formed in the metal-containing layer, anda via pattern 406 corresponding to a set of via plugs to be formed inanother metal-containing layer immediately above the metal-containinglayer where the air-gap region to be formed are laid-out. Then theair-gap pattern can be derived according to the pad pattern, the viapattern, and the metal structure pattern.

Referring to FIG. 4B, the pad pattern, the via pattern, and the metalstructure pattern are overlaid to form a superposed pattern 408, whichrefers to the areas that the formation of the air-gap region should beprevented according to some embodiments. Subsequently, the air-gappattern on photomask 410 can be derived by inverting the superposedpattern 408. As such, the to-be-formed conductive pads and via plugs arenot designed to overlap the air-gap regions.

In some embodiments, the air-gap region is intended to be formed to haveat least a predetermined minimum horizontal distance from the via plugsand another predetermined minimum horizontal distance from theconductive pads in order to minimize the likelihood of overlapping theair-gap region with the via plugs and the conductive pads caused bymismatch of layers during manufacturing process. Therefore, the air-gappattern is derived by extending peripherals of the pad pattern 402outwardly by a first distance to obtain an extended pad pattern,extending peripherals of the via pattern 406 outwardly by a seconddistance to obtain an extended via pattern, and overlapping andinverting the extended pad pattern, the extended via pattern, and themetal structure pattern to obtain the air-gap pattern for the photomask410. Preferably, the first distance is between 10 nm and 20 μm, or about10 μm, and the second distance is between 0 nm and 50 nm or 5 nm and 50nm.

In addition, the air-gap pattern can be further modified based on otherfactors such as penalty rules for the metal-containing layer or otherrestrictions or limitation of the manufacturing technology utilized. Theactual air-gap pattern and the first and second horizontal distancesused may also depend on other factors such as the size of thesemiconductor device, the number of metal-containing layers, thestrength of the low-k dielectric fillers, the RC constant of thesemiconductor device required, the minimum thermal conductivityrequired, type of packaging, and sizes of components and devices.Generally, the larger the die size, the larger the second distance maybe required to be, because a larger stress and strain caused by mismatchof coefficients of thermal expansion is expected between differentmaterials. The number of metal-containing layers may affect the firsthorizontal distance as well because the probability of via plug mismatchincreases with the number of metal-containing layers. Further, smallerfirst and second horizontal distances may be used when the low-kdielectric filler around the air-gap region has better mechanicalcharacteristics. Also, different types of packaging technology causedifferent levels of stress. For example, stress and strain caused bythermal contraction for flip-chip packaging require different minimumhorizontal distances from those required by impact stress of wire bondpackaging technology.

In some embodiments based on a 40 nm manufacturing technology, thecoverage ratio between an air-gap region and the combination of adielectric filler/metal structures within a specific metal-containinglayer is between 42% and 53%. In some other embodiments, although alower effective dielectric constant and a larger coverage ratio up toabout 64-71% can be achieved by reducing the minimum horizontal distancerequirements, a yield rate of manufacturing process may decrease due toother factors such as those mentioned above. Therefore, the optimizationof the yield rate should also be considered when determining the firstand the second distance.

One aspect of this description relates to a method of manufacturing asemiconductor structure. The method includes removing a portion of adielectric filler from a first metal-containing layer formed over asemiconductor substrate to define an air-gap region according to apredetermined air-gap pattern. The method further includes filling theair-gap region with a decomposable filler and forming a dielectriccapping layer over the first metal-containing layer. The method furtherincludes decomposing the decomposable filler.

Another aspect of this description relates to a method of preparing aphotomask containing an air-gap pattern for forming an air-gap region ina semiconductor device. The method includes laying out a pad patterncorresponding to a set of conductive pads to be formed on thesemiconductor device. The method further includes laying out a metalstructure pattern corresponding to a set of metal structures to beformed in a first metal-containing layer on the semiconductor device.The method further includes laying out a via pattern corresponding to aset of via plugs to be formed in a second metal-containing layer on thesemiconductor device and deriving the air-gap pattern according to thepad pattern, the via pattern, and the metal structure pattern.

Still another aspect of this description relates to a method ofmanufacturing a semiconductor structure. The method includes removing aportion of a dielectric filler from a first metal-containing layerformed over a semiconductor substrate to define an air-gap region. Themethod further includes filling the air-gap region with a decomposablefiller. The method further includes forming a dielectric capping layerover the first metal-containing layer, wherein the dielectric cappinglayer is formed at a temperature below a decomposition temperature ofthe decomposable filler and decomposing the decomposable filler.

Although the embodiments have been described in detail, it should beunderstood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can bemade. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended tobe limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine,manufacture, and composition of matter, means, methods and stepsdescribed in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art willreadily appreciate from the disclosure, processes, machines,manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presentlyexisting or later to be developed, that perform substantially the samefunction or achieve substantially the same result as the correspondingembodiments described herein may be utilized according to the presentinvention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to includewithin their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositionsof matter, means, methods, or steps.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of manufacturing a semiconductorstructure comprising: removing a portion of a dielectric filler from afirst metal-containing layer formed over a semiconductor substrate todefine an air-gap region according to a predetermined air-gap pattern;filling the air-gap region with a decomposable filler; forming adielectric capping layer over the first metal-containing layer; anddecomposing the decomposable filler.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: selectively forming a metal capping layer on a set of metalstructures of the first metal-containing layer.
 3. The method of claim2, wherein the metal capping layer is deposited using electrolessplating.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the decomposable filler is athermally decomposable polymer (TDP).
 5. The method of claim 4, whereinthe filling the TDP filler comprises: performing a spin coating to applya TDP material over the semiconductor substrate; curing the TDPmaterial; and planarizing the TDP material.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the decomposing the decomposable filler comprises: exposing thesemiconductor structure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the decomposing the decomposable filler comprises:heating the decomposable filler at a temperature between 350° C. to 420°C.
 8. A method of preparing a photomask containing an air-gap patternfor forming an air-gap region in a semiconductor device, the methodcomprising: laying out a pad pattern corresponding to a set ofconductive pads to be formed on the semiconductor device; laying out ametal structure pattern corresponding to a set of metal structures to beformed in a first metal-containing layer on the semiconductor device;laying out a via pattern corresponding to a set of via plugs to beformed in a second metal-containing layer on the semiconductor device;deriving the air-gap pattern according to the pad pattern, the viapattern, and the metal structure pattern.
 9. The method of claim 8,wherein the deriving the air-gap pattern according to the pad pattern,the via pattern, and the metal structure pattern comprises: extendingperipherals of the pad pattern outwardly by a first distance to obtainan extended pad pattern; extending peripherals of the via patternoutwardly by a second distance to obtain an extended via pattern; andoverlapping and inverting the extended pad pattern, the extended viapattern, and the metal structure pattern to obtain the air-gap pattern.10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second distance is between 5 nmand 50 nm.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the first distance isbetween 10 nm and 20 μm.
 12. A method of manufacturing a semiconductorstructure comprising: removing a portion of a dielectric filler from afirst metal-containing layer formed over a semiconductor substrate todefine an air-gap region; filling the air-gap region with a decomposablefiller; forming a dielectric capping layer over the firstmetal-containing layer, wherein the dielectric capping layer is formedat a temperature below a decomposition temperature of the decomposablefiller; and decomposing the decomposable filler.
 13. The method of claim12, wherein forming the dielectric capping layer comprises forming adielectric layer having a thickness between 5 nanometers (nm) and 50 nm.14. The method of claim 12, further comprising forming a metal cappinglayer (316) over metal portions of the first metal-containing layer,wherein the metal capping layer is between the dielectric capping layerand a corresponding metal portion.
 15. The method of claim 12, whereinremoving the portion of the dielectric filler comprises performing ananisotropic etching of the dielectric filler.
 16. The method of claim12, wherein decomposing the decomposable filler comprises converting thedecomposable filler into a gaseous state, wherein the gaseous statepasses through the dielectric capping layer.
 17. The method of claim 12,further comprising forming a second metal-containing layer over thedielectric capping layer.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the firstmetal-containing layer comprises a via, and removing the portion of thedielectric filler comprises defining the air-gap region a minimumhorizontal distance from the via.
 19. The method of claim 18, whereinthe minimum horizontal distance is less than 50 nm.
 20. The method ofclaim 12, wherein decomposing the decomposable filler comprises laserscanning of the air-gap region.